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7.21.4. Empfohlenes Partitionsschema

7.21.4.1. x86-, AMD64- und Intel® 64-Systeme

Wenn Sie keinen anderweitigen Grund haben, empfehlen wir, die folgenden Partitionen für x86-, AMD64- und Intel® 64-Systeme zu erstellen:
  • A swap partition
  • A /boot partition
  • Eine /-Partition
  • A swap partition (at least 256 MB)
    Swap partitions are used to support virtual memory. In other words, data is written to a swap partition when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing. In addition, certain power management features store all of the memory for a suspended system in the available swap partitions.
    Wenn Sie sich nicht sicher über die Größe der zu erstellenden Swap-Partition sind, dann verwenden Sie einfach die doppelte Speichergröße des RAM auf Ihrem Rechner. Sie muss den Typ 'swap' besitzen.
    Das Festlegen der richtigen Menge an Swap-Space hängt von einer Anzahl von Faktoren ab, inklusive der Folgenden (nach Wichtigkeit in absteigender Reihenfolge):
    • Die Applikationen, die auf dem Rechner ablaufen.
    • Die Größe des physikalischen RAM, das auf der Maschine installiert ist.
    • Die Version des Betriebssystems.
    Swap sollte der doppelten Menge an physikalischem RAM für bis zu 2 GB an physikalischem RAM entsprechen und danach jeweils der einfachen Menge an physikalischem RAM für jede weitere Menge über 2 GB, jedoch niemals weniger als 32 MB.
    Daher gilt:
    Wenn M = Größe des RAM in GB und S = Größe des swap in GB, dann 
    If M < 2
        S = M *2
Else
        S = M + 2
    Wenn man diese Formel anwendet, würde somit ein System mit 2 GB physikalischem Speicher 4 GB Swap besitzen, wobei 3 GB physikalischer Speicher in 5 GB Swap resultieren. Das Erstellen einer großen Swap-Space-Partition kann besonders dann hilfreich sein, wenn Sie planen, Ihr RAM zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu erweitern.
    Für Systeme mit wirklich großen Mengen an RAM (mehr als 32 GB) können Sie sich höchstwahrscheinlich auch eine kleinere Swap-Partition erlauben (rund 1x (oder weniger) die Menge an physikalischem RAM).
  • Eine /boot/-Partition (100 MB)
    The partition mounted on /boot/ contains the operating system kernel (which allows your system to boot Fedora), along with files used during the bootstrap process. Due to limitations, creating a native ext3 partition to hold these files is required. For most users, a 100 MB boot partition is sufficient.

    ext4 and Btrfs

    The GRUB bootloader does not support the ext4 or Btrfs file systems. You cannot use an ext4 or Btrfs partition for /boot/.

    Note

    Ist Ihre Festplatte größer als 1024 Zylinder (und Ihr System älter als zwei Jahre), müssen Sie eventuell eine /boot/-Partition erstellen, wenn Sie möchten, dass die / (Root-) Partition den gesamten restlichen Platz auf der Festplatte verwenden soll.

    Note

    Wenn Sie über eine RAID-Karte verfügen denken Sie daran, dass einige BIOSe das Booten von RAID-Karten nicht unterstützen. In solchen Fällen muss die /boot/-Partition auf einer Partition außerhalb des RAID-Arrays, wie beispielsweise auf einer separaten Festplatte, erstellt werden.
  • Eine root-Partition (3.0 GB - 5.0 GB)
    This is where "/" (the root directory) is located. In this setup, all files (except those stored in /boot) are on the root partition.
    A 3.0 GB partition allows you to install a minimal installation, while a 5.0 GB root partition lets you perform a full installation, choosing all package groups.

    Root and /root

    The / (or root) partition is the top of the directory structure. The /root directory/root (sometimes pronounced "slash-root") directory is the home directory of the user account for system administration.
Many systems have more partitions than the minimum listed above. Choose partitions based on your particular system needs. For example, consider creating a separate /home partition on systems that store user data. Refer to Abschnitt 7.21.4.1.1, „Advice on Partitions“ for more information.
If you create many partitions instead of one large / partition, upgrades become easier. Refer to the description the Edit option in Abschnitt 7.21.2, „The partitioning screen“ for more information.
The following table summarizes minimum partition sizes for the partitions containing the listed directories. You do not have to make a separate partition for each of these directories. For instance, if the partition containing /foo must be at least 500 MB, and you do not make a separate /foo partition, then the / (root) partition must be at least 500 MB.
Verzeichnis Minimale Grösse
/ 250 MB
/usr 250 MB, but avoid placing this on a separate partition
/tmp 50 MB
/var 384 MB
/home 100 MB
/boot 75 MB
Tabelle 7.3. Minimum partition sizes

Leave Excess Capacity Unallocated

Only assign storage capacity to those partitions you require immediately. You may allocate free space at any time, to meet needs as they occur. To learn about a more flexible method for storage management, refer to Anhang D, LVM verstehen.
If you are not sure how best to configure the partitions for your computer, accept the default partition layout.
7.21.4.1.1. Advice on Partitions
Optimal partition setup depends on the usage for the Linux system in question. The following tips may help you decide how to allocate your disk space.
  • If you expect that you or other users will store data on the system, create a separate partition for the /home directory within a volume group. With a separate /home partition, you may upgrade or reinstall Fedora without erasing user data files.
  • Each kernel installed on your system requires approximately 10 MB on the /boot partition. Unless you plan to install a great many kernels, the default partition size of 100 MB for /boot should suffice.

    ext4 and Btrfs

    The GRUB bootloader does not support the ext4 or Btrfs file systems. You cannot use an ext4 or btrfs partition for /boot.
  • The /var directory holds content for a number of applications, including the Apache web server. It also is used to store downloaded update packages on a temporary basis. Ensure that the partition containing the /var directory has enough space to download pending updates and hold your other content.

    Pending Updates

    Because Fedora is a rapidly progressing collection of software, many updates may be available late in a release cycle. You can add an update repository to the sources for installation later to minimize this issue. Refer to Abschnitt 7.23.1, „Installing from Additional Repositories“ for more information.
  • The /usr directory holds the majority of software content on a Fedora system. For an installation of the default set of software, allocate at least 4 GB of space. If you are a software developer or plan to use your Fedora system to learn software development skills, you may want to at least double this allocation.

    Do not place /usr on a separate partition

    If /usr is on a separate partition from /, the boot process becomes much more complex, and in some situations (like installations on iSCSI drives), might not work at all.
  • Consider leaving a portion of the space in an LVM volume group unallocated. This unallocated space gives you flexibility if your space requirements change but you do not wish to remove data from other partitions to reallocate storage.
  • If you separate subdirectories into partitions, you can retain content in those subdirectories if you decide to install a new version of Fedora over your current system. For instance, if you intend to run a MySQL database in /var/lib/mysql, make a separate partition for that directory in case you need to reinstall later.
The following table is a possible partition setup for a system with a single, new 80 GB hard disk and 1 GB of RAM. Note that approximately 10 GB of the volume group is unallocated to allow for future growth.

Example Usage

This setup is not optimal for all use cases.
Partition Grössen und Typ
/boot 100 MB ext3-Partition
swap 2 GB Auslagerungsdatei (swap)
LVM physical volume Remaining space, as one LVM volume group
Tabelle 7.4. Example partition setup

The physical volume is assigned to the default volume group and divided into the following logical volumes:
Partition Grössen und Typ
/ 13 GB ext4
/var 4 GB ext4
/home 50 GB ext4
Tabelle 7.5. Example partition setup: LVM physical volume

Beispiel 7.1. Example partition setup